Audit Report on Database Security and Performance Management

Audit Report on Database Security and Performance Management EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report covers a review of the Security and performance issues, with the respect to the size and capacity of the data management in Organic Cosmetics Ltd. We are running a company with a total number of over 100 employees and large customer base national and international. In summary, we found some deficiencies in security integrity and performance in terms of query optimisation and as well as areas where improvements are warranted as listed below; 1. No proper procedure of reducing Sensitive Data Exposure which will in turn be devastating to the company, if not sorted out as soon as possible. 2. Deficiency in the way of detecting Threats from Inside and Outside 3.Deficiency in the way of developing Secure Applications 4. In terms of performance optimisation, there is no proper indexes set up to optimise and speed up retrievals of queries that are taking too long to execute. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The main aim for the report is to carry out the proper procedures and techniques that is best to carry out the better security performance and query optimisation for administrative management performance. And after a proper consultation with experts and detailed research we have all that is takes to implement and effect changes to these deficiencies. Some of our objectives are; Reducing Sensitive Data Exposure in Applications by introducing an Oracle Advanced Security data redaction which provides selective, on-the-fly redaction of sensitive data in query results prior to display by applications. Limiting Sensitive Data Exposure When Sharing Data, we have been able to put in place Oracle Data Masking and Subsetting. Deficiency in the way of developing Secure Applications, we have been able to source out advanced and more sophisticated security measures introduced by oracle Database 12c Real Application Security, which is Oracles next generation database authorization framework and the industrys most advanced solution for developing secure applications called Basic Fine Grained Access Control (Oracle Virtual Private Database (VPD)) and the Real Application Security (RAS). Performance optimisation, there is no proper indexes set up to optimise and speed up retrievals of queries that are taking too long to execute. There should advance form of scalability which is the ability of a system to process more workload, with a proportional increase in system resource usage, there we have to choose an efficient execution strategy for processing a query. APPROACH The best possible way of reducing sensitive date exposure is by the Redaction process. Redaction is the process of scrubbing out data. Imagine a paper document with certain fields scratched out with a black marker. Oracle Advanced Security data redaction works similarly but on application data stored in the database. Because it is enforced inside the database, it is possible to consistently redact database columns across different application modules accessing the same data. Data redaction minimizes changes to applications because it does not alter actual data in internal database buffers, caches, or storage, and it preserves the original data type and formatting when transformed data is returned to the application. Data redaction has no impact on database operational activities such as backup and restore, upgrade and patch, and high availability clusters. Because we handle a lot of big transactions OCL, it will be better to use data redaction to make sure our data are secured. The movement of production data dramatically increases the risk to data and increases the overall cost of security and compliance. Masking of data before it is moved from production eliminates the risk of data breaches in non-production environments by irreversibly replacing the original sensitive data with fictitious data so that data can be safely shared. Using Oracle Data Masking and Subsetting enables entire copies or subsets of application data to be extracted from the database, obfuscated, and shared with partners inside and outside of the business. Most importantly, during the obfuscation process, application integrity is preserved by maintaining data relationships across application tables. Oracle Data Masking and Subsetting improves security by reducing the scope of data exposed to partner organizations. Compliance costs are lowered by narrowing the compliance boundary for test and development groups. Below is an example of data being masked. Instead of four rows in Name and salary column the masking has reduced it the rows and interchanged the data store in each column rows. The solution to deficiency in the way of developing Secure Applications is by adopting the following process, which we have been able to source out. It is an advanced and more sophisticated security measures introduced by oracle Database 12c Real Application Security, which is Oracles next generation database authorization framework and the industrys most advanced solution for developing secure applications called Basic Fine Grained Access Control (Oracle Virtual Private Database (VPD)) and the Real Application Security(RAS). Oracle Virtual Private Database (VPD), introduced in Oracle8i, is widely used today to enforce fine grained access control within applications. It allows application developers to associate a stored PL/SQL program unit with an application table, view, or synonym. The program unit fires when the application object is accessed via SQL. The program unit computes a predicate or where clause that is appended to the original SQL statement. In many cases, the program module will query specific meta data tables containing information on user roles and privileges as nearly every application today has its own unique set of security tables. Another common approach used with VPD is to initialize an Oracle application context when a new application user is initialized within the application. Real Application Security(RAS). Unlike the basic Oracle Virtual Private Database (VPD), Oracle Database 12c Real Application Security (RAS) provides a robust declarative model that allows developers to define the data security policy based on application users, roles and privileges within the Oracle Database. The new Oracle Database 12c RAS technology is more secure, scalable, and cost effective than the traditional Oracle VPD technology. Real application security provides a declarative interface that allows developers to define the data security policy, application roles, and application users without requiring application developers to create and maintain PL/SQLstored procedures. The data security policies are defined inside the database kernel using the Oracle Database 12c RAS API. The permissions associated with business objects are stored in Access Control Lists (ACLs). ACLs are a key component of RAS and store the privileges assigned to principals and control the type of operations: select, insert, update and delete that can be performed on the objects. These are some of the usefulness of Real Application Security provides the next generation authorization architecture for applications that will be needed in Organic Cosmetics Limited (OCL): 1.Uniform Data Security: The RAS Security model allows uniform specification and enforcement of access control policies on business objects irrespective of the access path. It overcomes the limitation of custom built approaches that only work when an object is accessed via the specific code path that has access control logic embedded into it. 2. Secure End User Identity Propagation: Application sessions allow the end user identity and associated attributes to be conveyed securely to the database allowing the database to use the information for end-user access control and auditing. 3. Declarative and Fine Grained Access Control: RAS policy components encapsulate the access control requirements of the application in the form of declarative policy on data for application users, application roles, and application privileges. With column security, RAS model extends authorization to the column level to protect sensitive data such as SSN. With support for master-detail, parameterized, delegation, and exception based declarative policies, RAS meets the real-life deployment requirements of applications. Then for the issuesof performance optimisation and quick table accessibility, there is no proper indexes set up to optimise and speed up retrievals of queries that are taking too long to execute. Finally, there is an indexing system that can be set up to help sort the out accessibility of records quickly. Basically there are 3 kinds of index, but we have chosen the Function index. In a function index you index an expression rather than a column. Eg supposing you wanted to regularly retrieve orders that havent been shipped, so no value in shipdate. A basic B-tree index couldnt be set up because it wouldnt include nulls in the index, so function based could be used: eg: CREATE INDEX non_shipped_index ON ord   (NVL(shipdate, null)); CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Based on our findings and recommendations I believe if we could make appreciate changes as soon as possible we can be able to sort the deficiency issues in our database management system and also to improve our services. 1.4 REFERENCES WHITEPAPER, O. (2015) Oracle Database 12c Security and Compliance. Available at: http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/database/security/security-compliance-wp-12c-1896112.pdf (Accessed: 08 February 2017).

Oxidation of Cyclohexanol to Cyclohexanone :: essays research papers fc

Oxidation of Cyclohexanol to Cyclohexanone   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The oxidation of cyclohexanol to cyclohexanone involves the removal of hydrogen from the OH group. After separation and purification, an Infrared Spectrum will be run to determine the composition of the recovered material.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Infrared Spectroscopy is a very powerful technique used in the determination of molecular structure and the identification of unknown organic materials. The infrared spectrum yields direct information about the presence or absence of key functional groups. â€Å"The region of the infrared spectrum which is of greatest interest to organic chemists is the wavelength range 2.5 to 15 micrometers which correspond to approximately 4000 to 600cm-1†(Young). â€Å"When atoms or molecules absorb light, the incoming energy excites a quantized structure to a higher energy level. The type of excitation depends on the wavelength of the light. Electrons are promoted to higher orbirtals by ultraviolet or visible light, vibrations are excited by infrared light, and rotations are excited by microwaves† (Tissue).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  IR spectroscopy is the measurement of the wavelength and intensity of the absorption of infrared light by a sample. The wavelength of IR absorption bands are characteristic of specific types of chemical bonds.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An IR spectrophotometer is an instrument which is designed to obtain an infrared spectra of a molecule. An IR spectra is obtained by first irradiating a sample with an IR source of light. The light passes through the sample, which can be in solution or contained within a salt plate, and then onto an IR light detector. The spectrum is analyzed by examining at which frequency the peaks occur. Different peak frequencies indicate different types of vibrational motion and hence, different types of chemical bonds. The peak intensities are usually noted as percent transmittance which compares the amount of light absorbed compared to the amount of IR light that was not absorbed. The frequencies are normally listed in wave numbers (in units of reciprocal centimeters). Experiment   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The oxidation of cyclohexanol by dichromate occurred in the presence of sulfuric acid which yielded cyclohexanone according to the balanced redox reaction below: 3 + Cr2O7-2 + 8H+ -- 3 + 2Cr+3 + 7H2O In the presence of excess dichromate, cyclohexanol oxidizes to adipic acid. To maximize yield, the following reaction was prevented: 3 + 4Cr2O7-2 + 32H+ -- 3HOOC(CH2)4COOH + 8Cr+3 + 19H2O The addition of methanol reduced the excess dichromate according to the balanced redox reaction below: CH3OH + Cr2O7-2 + 8H+ -- CO2 + 2Cr+3 + 6H2O Recovery of the ketone was by steam distillation; collecting all

Coles Marketing Plan Essay

Cole is an Australian supermarket with large influence and market share in the country. In addition, the company contributes significantly to the nation’s economy. In essence, the company has acquired more than 30% of the market share of the supermarket industry in this nation. Specifically, the company’sproduct line consists of daily products, grocery, meat, deli, fresh produce, bake house, cigarettes, liquor, apparel, general merchandize and over head products. Notably Cole has a culture of low price as its marketing strategy of attracting and retaining customers. Fresh produce are the chief of Cole’s product line. The chain of supermarket is among the leading retailers operating more than 720 stores in Australia (Morales, 2013). The company harbors more than 90, 000 employees with a customer base of approximately 4.5 million people. Woolworths is the main competitor of Cole with 40% stake in the Industry. Others include Aldi, Speciality Foods, and Franklins. Coles together with its leading competitor have a market competitor of sale price and large customer base (Pearson and Hendricks, 2011). The company endeavors for high quality in its products, services and delivery (Szakiel and Beare, 2009).[PPD_PAYTOREADMORE] The present market strategy of Cole is geared towards the liquor, food and fuel consumers (Morales, 2013). In addition, it emphasizes on providing a diversity of products on its target markets with customers of different income. Further, Cole’s consumers are derived from all over the world (Romaniuk and Thiel, 2012). With regard to promotion, the company employs different media such as the radio, newspapers, the internet and TV in the promotion and advertisement of its products. Public relations are also another strategy in promoting the company. MARKETING OBJECTIVES The situation analysis identified some of the objectives for Cole Supermarket . Among them is increasing revenue, increasing the customer base, building customer royalty and increasing the competitive advantage. Increasing sales and revenue Just as it is for much business, increasing sales is also the core of Cole’s business objective (Simon, 2013). The objectives of this company is to increase its sales to more than $150, 000 in the first year of its establishment, the management anticipates that the second year sales will increase by 50% and the third year by 40%. By the second year of its operation, the company would have expanded to include more stores and supermarkets in various parts of the world. Coles aspires to sell as many products as possible and generate high returns. Despite this, the company faces stiff competition from mass merchandisers and restaurants in some of its products. This point to the reason why the company has relied on fresh produce, and which are which are convenient to the customers. In addition, the company has also diversified its products to include many varieties with different prices to suit customers with different economic capabilities. Cole’s Strategy has been emphasized on clients who wish to do a one stop shopping. Increasing Customer Base and Traffic Most business organizations especially start ups and small ones workvery hard to acquire a customer base (Lusch 2007). In order to achieve a customer rate in their stores, Cole’s stores are located in areas that have high traffic such as big cities and towns. You will rarely find a Cole Supermarket in a rural environment. Some of Cole’s stores are also located in near apartments, residential and business districts. Cole is also much interested in building customer loyalty in its businesses. This is the reason why it has established royalty programs in order to retain and make customers royal. These royal programs are designed in such a way that the clients are rewarded according to how they purchase products. Improving its Ratings and competitive advantage Cole endeavors to do research with regard to its various products fresh produce, meat, daily products, grocery, deli, bake  house, cigarettes, liquor,apparel, general merchandize and over head products and customer service.The reason for these phenomena is to ensure that the products and services offered are of top quality and which customers will find unique. Improving the products and services will certainly increase the company’s rating and competitive advantage in this industry(Argenti 2008). TARGET MARKET and Position The company has particularly focused on the segmented population who requires their products under one roof or in other words, one stop shopping. Cole will be much like a haven for shoppers of all economic levels and busy types who wish to tend to look for products that are unique and special. This is because; the services are faster but yet satisfying. Such people will find the high quality goods and services to their expectations. Moreover, the clients will as well appreciate the faster service and fun experience at the company’s premises , whether they are celebrating special events or simply want to enjoy the special products at low prices. Cole expects to establish more and bigger stores and supermarkets in order to improve its competitive edge among its leading competitors such asWoolworths. According to the situation analysis, the â€Å"down down† price strategy appears to stay since for many years, it has acted as its competitive edge. Hence, the low price strategy will assist the company in competing for the customers ( Mckeown, 2012). Further, the increase in its floor space for its stores and supermarkets by 2% every year is to provide more space for its groceries and fresh produce including more products such brand mix and apparel. The company anticipates adding more than 20 stores in various parts of the world in this year alone. This owes to the increased customers and expansion programs. This is also a way of establishing a platform for the steady growth and expansion for the coming years. In essence, Cole wants to penetrate into its competitor’s market share including its main rival, the Woolworths. COLES APPROACH TO THE MARKETING MIX The marketing strategy for Cole Chain of Supermarket is the creation of awareness on potential customers by use f mouth and media advertisements such as magazines radio, internet and newspapers. With regard to media, the company employs the most popular ones both in print and electronic to present their advertisements and promotions. In this way, they are able to create what is known as distinctive experience in superior products. Other means for reaching out these clients include promotions, and fliers. The strategic location of the company’s premises would be typically considered as an important function for the purpose of marketing and promotion (Allison and Kaye, 2005). The premises are established in high traffic retail areas of business districts and towns. The central business districts, residential areas and towns in this perspective offer attractive incentives for investors and other business that are in operation. Moreover, the businesses are strategically positioned and easily accessible by the public and customers, there is also an advantage of the public which comes from being located in the central business center. Cole supermarket focuses on the basically educated and progressive clients fascinated in tying out new experiences and products and those who are not satisfied with the existing products or a service that are offered in other stores and outlets. ROLE OF THE MARKET PLAN One of the main contributions of the marketing plan is defining an organization’s mission and objectives. Likewise, this marketing plan will assist Cole’s Chain of supermarkets in achieving its objectives and in defining its long-term mission (Baker, 2008). This marketing plan will assist Cole in achieving substantial if not tremendous revenue just within the few years of its operation. It will also assist in more investment in the company and expansion to more stores by the subsequent years. In addition, it is anticipated that the marketing plan will assist the company in establishing a special relation with each worker (Tracy 2000). In this way, the workers a will be made responsible for their  stores and be rewarded for the profits generated. Evaluating all indicators of each variable or environment that makes up the PESTEL analysis, it is possible to express the diagnosis of the external environment in which this business will be inserted. Thus it was found that, in general, the external environment is in favor of development of the Cole Supermarket

Organisations Management - Air New Zealand - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2353 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? 530 (v2) Organizations management Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Organisations Management Air New Zealand" essay for you Create order AIR NEW ZEALAND à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Assignment INTRODUCTION- AirNewZealand is an international and domestic airline group which provides air passenger and cargo transport services within New Zealand, as well from Australia, the South West Pacific, Asia, North America and the United Kingdom. AirNew.Zealand also compasses business units providing engineering and ground handling services. Subsidiaries extend to booking systems, travel wholesaling and retailing services HISTORY- AirNewZealands began in April 1940 when its forerunner airline, Tasman Empire Airways Limited (TEAL) was incorporated. TEAL began its first trans-Tasman services with flying boats, and over the years steadily expanded the size and scope of its operations. The route network was expanded from Australia and the Pacific to Asia, the USA, the UK and Europe. In October 1953 TEAL became jointly owned by the New Zealand and Australian Governments, and in April 1961 the New Zealand Government assumed full own ership. PURPOSE OF ORGANISATION :- The main purpose or the main vision of the air New Zealand is that to be everywhere in the world. Air New Zealand operate the smallest aircraft in the Air New Zealand Group they also connect people to more destinations across New Zealand to do everything never failing to impress their customers. Customers are the primary reason for their existence. The focus of everything to do is on providing the highest standard of service and convenience to the customers. The Purpose is to connect people to New Zealand and to the world OBJECTIVES OF AIR NEW ZEALAND PASSIONATE That get up and go factor that sparks us to perform PROUD Having a sense of achievement that goes with knowing a job is well done RESOURCEFUL Making a positive contribution through being innovative, flexible and efficient RESPECTFUL Being honest, open and co-operative. AUTHENTIC Genuine in everything we do COMMITTED Focused on getting the best outcome for everyone Q3 (a) According to Dr. Henry Mint berg, there are three types of roles which a manager usually does in any organization. Æ’Ëœ Interpersonal Roles Æ’Ëœ Informational Roles Æ’Ëœ Decisional Roles Informational Roles: In this management the information from one source and distribute to one or more than one source For example :- Air new Zealand gives the information about the arrival and departure of flights up to date information . Decisional Role: manager use to plan strategy and utilise the resources to achieve goals in decisional management For example: Air new Zealand management gives the decision that they will start a new flight service from Auckland to India. Interpersonal Roles: the role of managers that deals with the working with other people is known as interpersonal. For example: Air New Zealand management share their information with their staff and communicate with them by doing meetings this is known as interpersonal roles. (b) Technical: AIR New Zealand Technical offers a comprehensive range of engineering and airline support services world-wide from its technical units in Auckland and Christchurch For example:- Design Services Operator Services Production Services Human: Human management skills help to operate for the human power which is being associated with the organisation. For example:-Air New Zealand management helps their customers by giving a discount on their flights or by giving a lot of variety to their passengers CONCEPTUAL: conceptual skills are able to see the main basics in any situations who can see the total management carry on relationship and identify the changes. For example: Air new Zealand management discuss the basic concepts or problem with each other. In this way they achieve their goals and attain success. (C) (i) Structured problem :- It involves the goals that are clear and are familiar which have been occur before and are easily and complete information about the problem is available. A repetitive decision can be handled by a routine approach. For example: Air new Zealand management have problem in landing as there is sometime windy and the moisture went extremely low and the plane losses its balance . (ii)Unstructured problem:-the problems that are new or unusual and for which the information is ambiguous or incomplete and that will require custom made solutions. In this the decisions are unique and non- recurring also are generating unique reasons. For Example: the accident which caused to the Malaysian airlines is only a unique thing which we canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t imagine or thing .This type of problem is known as unstructured problem .it needs a quick response. (d) If air new Zealand has any structured problem like the have any problem regarding their flights or staff or if they have any problem with the landing of the plans they discuss their problem with their management or with the manager by doing meeting. In this way they solve the structured problem (Q4) (a) Task focus: In task focus the management focus on its work to be done in a specific period of time. For example: As Air new Zealand management focus on the manufacture of their new flight. They do thei r manufacture process in a proper time period. People focus: In people focus the management focus on the new benefits which they can offer to their customers. For example: Air New Zealand management focus on their new offer they gave special discount on their specific flights to attract passenger. Efficiency: It means the ability to do something or produce something without wasting time or money. It means doing things right. For example: Air New Zealand makes aircraft which consume less fuel and give better output. Effectivenes: Effectiveness is the capability of producing a desired result .it means as in management we set a target. For example:- Air new Zealand target to attract more customers and to get as many passengers as possible to get the desired result. (5) a INTERNAL FACTOR :-The Inner strengths and weakness can effect the process of an organization. Internal factors can strongly affect how well a company meets its objectives, and they might be seen as strengths if they have a favourable impact on a business, but as weaknesses if they have a deleterious effect on the business. There are two type of internal factor SWOT Analysis and 5m model The internal analyses :- Strengths Any activities the organisation does well or any unique resources that it has. For example: Air new Zealand management has its strengths in their aircraft and in their staff. Weaknesses Activities the organisation doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t do well or resources it needs but doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t possess. For example: Air new Zealand management has the problem of delaying in the time of flight and of the meals served in the flight. Man In Air New Zealand management the staff plays a very important role. The employee or the staff look after the shifts of the air hostess and have to look for the turn of the captain. They have the knowledge about the arrival or the departure of the flight. (b) External Factors: -The factors which effect Outsideinfluencesthat canimpactabusiness. Various externalfactorscan impact theabilityof a business or investmenttoachieveitsstrategic goalsandobjectives. These external factors might includecompetition; social, legaland technologicalchanges, and the economic and politicalenvironment. PEST analysis Political factors Economic factors Socio-cultural factors Technological factors Political/legal Environmental protection laws Taxation policy Employment laws Government policy Legislation Example:-air new Zealand management has taxation policy they pay tax to government every year. They also employ new person so that they can also show their talent. Economic factors Inflation Employment Disposable income Business cycles Energy availability and cost Example: Air New Zealand changes its staff regularly due to which it give employ new ones and also spend money on buying new aircraft. Sociocultural factors Demographics Distribution of income Lifestyle changes Example :- Air new Zealand managementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s staff has lifestyle different from others and the manger distribute their salary according to the grade they have in the management Porterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s model is based on the insight that a corporate strategy should meet the opportunities and threats in the organizations external environment. Especially, competitive strategy should base on these forces determine the intensity of competition and hence the profitability and attractiveness of an industry. The objective of corporate strategy should be to modify these competitive forces in a way that improves the position of the organization. Understanding of industry structures and the way they changes. Threat of New Entrants The competition in an industry will be the higher, the easier it is for other companies to enter this industry. In such a situation, new entrants could change major determinants of the market environment (e.g. market shares, prices, customer loyalty) at any time. There is always a latent pressure for reaction and adjustment for existing players in this industry. The threat of new entries will depend on the extent to which there are barriers to entry. Example: Air New Zealand management changes its market share or the prices of the flight when they are in the need of it. Threat of Substitutes A threat from substitutes exists if there are alternative products with lower prices of better performance parameters for the same purpose. They could potentially attract a significant proportion of market volume and hence reduce the potential sales volume for existing players. This category also relates to complementary products. For example :- If the Singapore airline or Malaysia airline has lower flight fares then air new Zealand faces a great loss. Q (6). (a) Air new Zealand management is currently facing a problem that Industry-wide cyclical problems are contributing to Air NZà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s operating performance difficulties, with factors such as high fuel prices and the low value of the Australian and New Zealand dollars against the US dollar impacting on its cost structure; Air NZ-specific problems are further contributing to the airlineà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s operating difficulties, including heavy competition in the Australian domestic market and the recent groundin g of the Ansett aircraft at Easter that has pressured Air NZ into bringing forward its aircraft replacement plans for the airline. There appear to be three key options Air NZ could consider to address its financial problems:- à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Immediate relief to its high debt levels and intensive capital investment requirements might be provided through a sale of all or some of Ansett; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Initiative could be taken to free up cash in the short term to provide Air NZ with sufficient flexibility to enable it to weather losses while attempting to turn the fortunes of Ansett around; this might provide a window of up to two years to achieve improvement in the Ansett operations which might restore investor confidence leading to more fruitful capital raising exercises in future; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Seek Government intervention by either easing ownership limits to enable Air NZ to attract additional foreign airline equity and/or inject capital, or provide some other fo rm of financial assistance, to the airline. Other issues that may be of interest to Ministers are whether:- à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Air NZà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ownership of Ansett gives rise to public benefits for New Zealand through, for example, increased tourism; education etc. (b)1. KOTTERS EIGHT STEP CHANGE MODEL Step 1:- create urgency Step 2:- Form a powerful coalition Step 3:- Create a vision for change Step 4:- Communicate the vision Step 5:- Remove obstacles Step 6:- Create short-term wins Step 7:- Build on the change Step 8:- Anchor the changes in corporate culture Step 1: Create Urgency: First of all for a proper management the organization must clear why there is a need or urgency for the change at this point of time. As in air New Zealand they should have they quick service to provide best facility to their customers Step 2: Form a Powerful Coalition: The organization must need to ensure to the employees that a strong leading is there to guide through the change. Manager in air management must have meeting with the staff to tell them about the goals. Step 3: Create a Vision for Change: Senior members must put forward the future aspects of the change. They should have variety in their food and also provide good comfort to have good relation with their customers. So that they can achieve goals in future. Step 4: Communicate the Vision: Organization must communicate the benefits to this change with their employees. Manager must have group discussion about the benefit or profit they had made with their staff management Step 5: Remove Obstacles: The staff should be motivated to accept the change with positive attitude. They should follow the every rule which the management says. Step 6: Create Short-Term Wins: Everyone wants positive results to be fast, so the employees needs to be ensured that there are short term successes. Step 7: Build on the Change Kotter argues that many change projects fail because victory is declared too early. Real change runs deep. Quick wins are only the beginning of what needs to be done to achieve long-term change. Step 8: Anchor the Changes in Corporate Culture: The change must need to be culturally accepted, this can happen through proper management principles. Everyone must be co-operative and have to accept the change with smile. b. LEWINà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢S CHANGE MANAGEMENT MODEL STEP 1: UNFREEZE STEP 2: CHANGE STEP 3: REFREEZE Unfreezing is the first step of lewin which basically means to unfreeze the change in front of the audiences. : Second step is the change in itself, like what the change is required And executing that change. : Third step is refreezing the change executed, properly. Step 1 According to Lewin model, the Head of the Department will unfreeze the change in front of the staff as there is need of aircraft or need of flight to fly from New Zealand directly to India. Step 2 The HOD will form the change management team for bringing the change and manage too. This team will be responsible to guide the staff members in executing the change process. For this the mew aircraft must be bought and there variety of food must be included in their flights. Step 3 The management staff will ensure the staff is properly adjusted to the new changes and if there is any problem facing by them. Then only they refreeze the new rules in the management